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Dr. Richard Bruno, HD, PhD
Director, International Centre for Polio Education and author of The Polio Paradox
Hosts The Harvest Center’s Post-Polio Coffee House
We share his Tips and Tidbits of PPS information as he shares them.
Every issue of Bruno "Bytes" is available in PDF format at the bottom of this page. Feel free to print and share these.
NOTE: Many of these articles are abbreviated. We are NOW publishing the PDF version of Bruno Bytes Quarterly.
Just "Click" on words highlighted in BOLD for the complete article (or) download the PDF version of Bruno Bytes (below).
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Dr. Richard Bruno, HD, PhD
Director, International Centre for Polio Education and author of The Polio Paradox
Hosts The Harvest Center’s Post-Polio Coffee House
We share his Tips and Tidbits of PPS information as he shares them.
Every issue of Bruno "Bytes" is available in PDF format at the bottom of this page. Feel free to print and share these.
NOTE: Many of these articles are abbreviated. We are NOW publishing the PDF version of Bruno Bytes Quarterly.
Just "Click" on words highlighted in BOLD for the complete article (or) download the PDF version of Bruno Bytes (below).
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A Special Bruno Byte on the Topic of the Three Types of wild Polio
Question: If a person had polio can that person get it again or be a carrier? Is it true that are three polioviruses causing different types of polio?
Dr. Bruno’s Response: Get polio more than once? Yes. There are three polioviruses. You could get Type I, Type II and Type III. If you'd had a given type of poliovirus you'd have enough antibodies (if not immunocompromised) not to be a carrier of that poliovirus and shed virus if you were infected again, nor would you get symptoms.
Is it true that each of the three polioviruses caused three different types of polio? No. But there has always been confusion about there being “three types of polio: bulbar, spinal and bulbar-spinal.”
Genetically, there are three different types of poliovirus as described above. Each type therefore requires a different polio vaccine made from each of the three viruses to generate the specific antibody’s needed to counteract each.
Anatomically, there aren't three types of polio. Everyone who had paralytic polio had some degree of damage to their spinal cord and brainstem. So everyone who had paralytic polio, and many who had polio but showed no symptoms at all ("non-paralytic" polio), had bulbar and spinal polio. This is all covered in detail in The Polio Paradox.
Excerpt from the Polio Paradox (page 22):
“There are three different types – each named for the location where it was found, wither in a city or inside a person: Brunhilde, Lansing and Leon. The three types are different because your immune system makes a different antibody for each. But, they are also different in terms of how common they are and their ability to cause harm.
•Almost all of history’s polio epidemics have been the result of Type 1 poliovirus, which caused leg, arm and sometimes breathing muscle paralysis.
•The Type 2 virus seems to have been least likely to cause paralysis but may have damaged the “stem” at the bottom of the brain, just above the spinal cord and was responsible for huge outbreaks of “nonparalytic” polio and something called the “Summer Grippe” (See Chapter 17).
•Type 3 poliovirus, the most rare, also caused leg and arm paralysis but was most likely to produced so-called “bulbar” polio, in which the bulb or stem of the brain was severely damaged. This damage caused difficulties with swallowing, breathing and blood pressure that were sometimes fatal.”
In addition to the Polio Paradox, you can find numerous articles under the topic “poliovirus” in the
Encyclopedia of Polio and PPS.
Dr. Bruno’s Response: Get polio more than once? Yes. There are three polioviruses. You could get Type I, Type II and Type III. If you'd had a given type of poliovirus you'd have enough antibodies (if not immunocompromised) not to be a carrier of that poliovirus and shed virus if you were infected again, nor would you get symptoms.
Is it true that each of the three polioviruses caused three different types of polio? No. But there has always been confusion about there being “three types of polio: bulbar, spinal and bulbar-spinal.”
Genetically, there are three different types of poliovirus as described above. Each type therefore requires a different polio vaccine made from each of the three viruses to generate the specific antibody’s needed to counteract each.
Anatomically, there aren't three types of polio. Everyone who had paralytic polio had some degree of damage to their spinal cord and brainstem. So everyone who had paralytic polio, and many who had polio but showed no symptoms at all ("non-paralytic" polio), had bulbar and spinal polio. This is all covered in detail in The Polio Paradox.
Excerpt from the Polio Paradox (page 22):
“There are three different types – each named for the location where it was found, wither in a city or inside a person: Brunhilde, Lansing and Leon. The three types are different because your immune system makes a different antibody for each. But, they are also different in terms of how common they are and their ability to cause harm.
•Almost all of history’s polio epidemics have been the result of Type 1 poliovirus, which caused leg, arm and sometimes breathing muscle paralysis.
•The Type 2 virus seems to have been least likely to cause paralysis but may have damaged the “stem” at the bottom of the brain, just above the spinal cord and was responsible for huge outbreaks of “nonparalytic” polio and something called the “Summer Grippe” (See Chapter 17).
•Type 3 poliovirus, the most rare, also caused leg and arm paralysis but was most likely to produced so-called “bulbar” polio, in which the bulb or stem of the brain was severely damaged. This damage caused difficulties with swallowing, breathing and blood pressure that were sometimes fatal.”
In addition to the Polio Paradox, you can find numerous articles under the topic “poliovirus” in the
Encyclopedia of Polio and PPS.
Biography of Richard L. Bruno, HD, PhD.
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"Post-Polio Fatigue" Log Here
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Complete "Bruno Bytes" from Previous Months - in easily printable PDF format below
2019
2018
2017
2016
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2015
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2014
“Bruno Bytes” – How it all began
“Bruno Bytes” are published monthly, through a combined effort between Dr. Richard L. Bruno, HD, PhD (biography above) and
the Pa. Polio Survivor’s Network. They are answers to questions posted in the “Post-Polio Coffee House” (on Facebook).
This partnership began in November, 2014.
“Bruno Bytes” help to teach polio survivors, spouses, caregivers and health care professionals about the many and varied topics related to the physical and emotional issues associated with having had polio and managing PPS.
“Bruno Bytes” are for education only and any personal treatment plan must be determined in association with a PPS knowledgeable health care professional.
“Bruno Bytes” are published monthly, through a combined effort between Dr. Richard L. Bruno, HD, PhD (biography above) and
the Pa. Polio Survivor’s Network. They are answers to questions posted in the “Post-Polio Coffee House” (on Facebook).
This partnership began in November, 2014.
“Bruno Bytes” help to teach polio survivors, spouses, caregivers and health care professionals about the many and varied topics related to the physical and emotional issues associated with having had polio and managing PPS.
“Bruno Bytes” are for education only and any personal treatment plan must be determined in association with a PPS knowledgeable health care professional.